PERMANENCY OF LEADER SELF-CONFIDENCE DEVELOPMENT: A LONGITUDINAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.20319/pijss.2018.42.906931Keywords:
Leadership, Self-Confidence, Youth, Longitudinal ResearchAbstract
The purpose of this study is to determine if youths’ leader self-confidence, once developed in a leadership training program, persisted over time. It is exploratory comparative analysis research comparing two studies on the same leadership training program: Benson (1991) and the Canadian Alberta Provincial Government (1995). Benson’s (1991) study assessed youths’ self-confidence 3 months after they attended the provincial leadership training program. The Alberta Provincial Government (1995) study assessed youths’ and adults’ self-confidence 1 to 8 years after they attended the same provincial leadership training program. Although this is not a true longitudinal study following the same subjects over time; it is a follow-up study measuring the impact of the provincial leadership training program on the permanency of self-confidence development and retention over time. This is one of the few leadership studies on self-efficacy and self-confidence to do this. This exploratory study will do an in-depth comparative analysis of Benson and Enstroem’s (2014) Leader Self-Confidence Indicator (LSCI) 4 dimensions. Specifically, both studies (Benson, 1991 and the Alberta Provincial Government, 1995) and both data sets of both quantitative and qualitative data within those two studies will be analyzed to find out if participants increased their leadership self-confidence in any of the 4 dimensions and retained self-confidence overtime.
References
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37 (20, 122-147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122
Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predicative scope of self-efficacy theory. Guliford Press.
Bass, B.M. (1990). Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership, New York: Free Press.
Bass, B.M. & Bass, R. (2008). The Bass Handbook of Leadership (4th ed.). New York: Free Press.
Battle, J. (1990). Self-esteem: The new revolution. James Battle and Associates.
Battle, J. (1992). Explanations for Response Choice: A Guide for the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventories. James Battle and Associates.
Benson, L. (1991). A youth leadership training case study. (Ph.D. dissertation.) University of Alberta.
Benson, L. & Enstrom, R. (June 2013). Educating for the future: The wholistic leadership model and the confidence-competence interplay. Proceedings of EDINEB Conference, June 5-7, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.
Benson, L. & Enstrom, R. (2017). Deliberate institutional differentiation through graduate attributes: Implementing professional skills at MacEwan School of Business. Journal of Management Development, 36 96), in press. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-08-2016-0148
Brockner, J. & Higgins, E.T. (2001). Regulatory focus theory, implications for the study of emotions at work. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 61 (1), 35-66. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.2001.2972
Cameron, K. & Caza, A. (2004). Introductions, contributions to the discipline of positive organizational scholarship. American behavioral Scientist, 47 (6), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764203260207
Cameron, K., Dutton, J., & Quinn, R.E. (2003). Foundations of positive organizational scholarship in Cameron, K., Dutton, J., & Quinn, R.E.(eds.). Positive Organizational scholarship, Berrett-Koehler, San Francisco, CA, 3-13.
Campbell, D.T. & Fiske, D.W. (1959). Convergent and divergent discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological bulletin, 56 (2), 81-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
Chan, K.Y. & Drasgow, F. (2001). Toward a theory of individual differences and leadership: Understanding the motivation to lead. Journal of Applied Psychology,86(3), 481498. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.481
Chen, G., Gully, S. M. & Eden, D. (2001). Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational Research Methods, 4(1), 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/109442810141004
Corsini, R. J. (2002). The dictionary of psychology. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
Cramer, R.J., Neal, M.S., & Brodsky, S.L. (2009). Self-efficacy and confidence: Theoretical distinctions and implications for trial consultation. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(4), 319-334. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017310
Encouraging Alberta’s Future Leaders. (2013). Edmonton Journal. Edmonton, Alberta.
Enstroen, R. & Benson, L. (2016). A triangulated appraisal of how hybrid activities develop students negotiating self-confidence. In Daly, P., Reid, K., Buckley, P. & Doyle, E. (ed.s.) Innovative Business Education Design for 21st Century Learning. Springer International Publishing, Switzerland, 41-54.
Fineman, S. (2006). On being positive, concerns and counterpoints. Academy of Management Review, 31 (2), 270-291. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.20208680
First Nations In Alberta. (2014). Qs -6289-010-EE-A1, Catalogue: R2-141/120E. ISSN: 1927-9469.
Greiman, B. C. & Addington, L. S. (2008). Youth leadership development self-efficacy: An exploratory study involving a new construct. Journal of Leadership Education,7(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.12806/V7/I1/RF1
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., Luthans, F. & Harms, P. D. (2008). Leadership efficacy: Review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(6), 669–692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.09.007
Hollenbeck, G.P. & Hall, D.T. (2004). Self-confidence and leader performance. Organizational Dynamics, 33 (3), 254-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.06.003
House, R.J. & Aditya, R.N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis? Journal of Management. 23:409-473. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639702300306
Kane, T. D. & Baltes, T. R. (1998). Efficacy assessment in complex social domains: Leadership efficacy in small task groups.
Klimoski, R. & Amos, B. (2012). Practicing evidence-based education in leadership development. Academy of Management Learning & Education, amle–2012. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2012.0018
Knowles, M. S. (1984). The Adult Learner, A Neglected Species (3rd ed.). Gulf, Houston, TX.
Locke, EA. (1991). The essence of leadership: The four keys to leading successfully. New York: Lexington Books.
Lord, R. G. & Hall, R. J. (2005). Identity, deep structure and the development of leadership skill. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(4), 591–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.06.003
Lukashova, S.& Gumarova, N. (2017). Leadership profile of lawyer candidates in Kazakhstan. PUPIL: International Journal of Teaching, Education, and Learning,1(2), pp.62-74. https://doi.org/10.20319/pijtel.2017.12.6274
McCormick, M.J. (2001). Self-efficacy and leadership effectiveness: Applying social cognitive theory to leadership. The Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(1), 22-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/107179190100800102
Neck, C.P. & Manz, C.C. (2010). Mastering Self-Leadership, Empowering Yourself for Personal Excellence (5th ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Northouse, P.G. (2001). Leadership (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Parker, P., Hall, D. T. & Kram, K. E. (2008). Peer coaching: A relational process for accelerating career learning. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 7(4), 487–503. https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2008.35882189
Popper. M., Amit, K., Gal, R., Mishkal-Sinai, M., & Lisak, A.2004). The capacity to lead: Major psychological differences between leaders and non-leaders. Military Psychology, 16(4), 245-263. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327876mp1604_3
Provincial Youth Leadership Seminar Impact Survey Results (1995). Alberta Community Development Document.
Roberts, L.M., Dutton, J.E., Spreitezer, G.M., Heaphy, E.D., & Quinn, R.E. (2005). Composing the reflected best self-portrait, building pathways for becoming extraordinary in work organizations. Academy of Management Review, 30 94), 712-736. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2005.18378874
Ross, S. (2014). A conceptual model for understanding the process of self-leadership development and action steps to promote personal leadership development. Journal of Management Development, 33(4), 299-323. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-11-2012-0147
Scherer, M., Maddux, J.E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R.W. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports 51, 663-671. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1982.51.2.663
Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995). Generalized self-efficacy scale. In J. Weinman, S. Wright, & M. Johnston, Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Casual and control beliefs, 35-37. Windsor, UK, NFER-NELSON.
Seligman, M.E. & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology, an introduction. American Pshchologist, 55 (1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Shrauger, J.S. & Schoen, M. (1995). Self-confidence in college students: Conceptualization, measurement, and behavioral implications. Assessment, 2 (3), 255-278. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191195002003006
Steel, P. & Konig, C. (2006). Integrating theories in motivation. Academy of Management Review. (31 (4), 889-913. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.22527462
Stets, J.E. & Burke, R.J. (2003). A sociological approach to self and identity in Leary, M.R. and Tangney, J.P. (eds.), Handbook of Self and Identity. Guilford Press, New York, NY.
Tariq, V.N., Scott, E.M., Cochrane, A.C., Lee, M., & Ryles, L. (2004). Quality Assurance in Education, 12 (2), 70-81. https://doi.org/10.1108/09684880410536440
UN/GA Document (1985). A/40/701, October 11. Report of the Secretary General on International Youth Year to the General Assembly.
Watt, L. (2004). Mentoring and coaching in the workplace. Canadian Manager, 29, 14–16.
Webb, E.J., Campbell, D.T., Schwartz, R.D., & Sechrest, L. (1968). Unobtrusive measures: Nonreactive research in the social sciences. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Yukl, G. (1994). Leadership in Organizations, (3rd ed.). Pearson Education: Prentice Hall.
Yukl, G. (2013). Leadership in Organizations, (5th ed.). Pearson Education: Prentice Hall. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051811429352
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2018 Authors
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
